Intersectionality and Political Representation: Challenges and Policy Implications for Marginalized Women in Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the failure of gender-affirmative policies in addressing the intersectional challenges faced by marginalized women in Indonesian politics. Using a qualitative approach—including in-depth interviews with 30 female politicians from diverse ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds, alongside policy document analysis (2019–2024)—the research reveals three key findings. Firstly, the 30% gender quota policy disproportionately benefits elite women (82% of beneficiaries belong to political and economic elites), a consequence of its single-axis approach that neglects class and ethnicity. Secondly, political elites’ resistance to inclusive reform is evident in the rejection of class-based affirmative policies by 72% of party leaders. Thirdly, intersectional discrimination based on compounded identities reduces electoral viability by 40% for minority women. These findings reinforce Crenshaw’s intersectionality theory and Brubaker’s structural feminism critique while challenging universalist assumptions in gender quota literature. The study recommends: quota policy reform via a multidimensional framework, strengthened implementation oversight, and culturally sensitive political education. The implications highlight the need for a new affirmative policy paradigm responsive to Indonesia’s identity complexities. Limitations include the sample’s geographic scope and document analysis timeframe, suggesting future mixed-methods research with broader coverage.